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OpenBSD has a robust and adaptable text-based installation procedure, and can be installed from a single floppy disk. Most platforms follow a similar installation procedure; however there are some differences in the details. In all cases, you are urged to read the platform-specific INSTALL document in the platform directory on the CD-ROM or FTP sites (for example, i386/INSTALL.i386, mac68k/INSTALL.mac68k or sparc/INSTALL.sparc).
On most platforms, the OpenBSD installation uses a special kernel with a number of utilities and install scripts embedded in a preloaded RAM disk. After this kernel is booted, the operating system is extracted from a number of compressed tar(1) (.tgz) files. There are several ways to boot this install kernel:
Once the install kernel is booted, you have several options of where to get the install file sets. Again, not every platform supports every option.
Before you start your install, you should have some idea what you want to end up with. You will want to know the following items, at least:
As examples, we will look at the installation images available for the i386 and sparc platforms.
The i386 platform has six separate installation disk images to choose from:
The sparc platform has three separate installation disk images to choose from:
To create a formatted floppy, use the fdformat(1) command to both format and check for bad sectors.
# fdformat /dev/rfd0c Format 1440K floppy `/dev/rfd0c'? (y/n): y Processing VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV done. |
If your output is like the above example, then the disk is OK. However, if you do not see ALL "V"'s then the disk is most likely bad, and you should try a new one.
Note that some Unix-like systems have different commands for formatting floppies. Refer to your system's documentation for the exact procedure.
Once you have a clean, formatted floppy it is time to write the installation image to floppy. For this, you can use the dd(1) utility. An example usage of dd(1) is below:
# dd if=floppy37.fs of=/dev/rfd0c bs=32k |
Once the image is written, check to make sure that the copied image is the same as the original with the cmp(1) command. If the diskette is identical to the image, you will just see another prompt.
# cmp /dev/rfd0c floppy37.fs |
This section describes how to write the installation images to floppy disk under Windows or DOS. You can get the tools mentioned below from the tools directory on any of the FTP mirrors, or from the 3.7/tools directory on CD1 of the OpenBSD CD set.
To prepare a floppy in MS-DOS or Windows, first use the native formatting tools to format the disk.
To write the installation image to the prepared floppy you can use rawrite, fdimage, or ntrw. rawrite will not work on Windows NT, 2000 or XP.
Note that FDIMAGE.EXE and RAWRITE.EXE are both MS-DOS applications, and thus are limited to MS-DOS's "8.3" file naming convention. As floppyB37.fs and floppyC37.fs have longer file names, you will have to find out how your system stored the file in "8.3 format" before using FDIMAGE.EXE or RAWRITE.EXE to make your boot floppies.
Example usage of rawrite:
C:\> rawrite RaWrite 1.2 - Write disk file to raw floppy diskette Enter source file name: floppy37.fs Enter destination drive: a Please insert a formatted diskette into drive A: and press -ENTER- : Enter |
Example usage of fdimage:
C:\> fdimage -q floppy37.fs a: |
Example usage of ntrw:
C:\> ntrw floppy37.fs a: 3.5", 1.44MB, 512 bytes/sector bufsize is 9216 1474560 bytes written |
You can create a CD-ROM using either the cd37.iso file or, in the case of the i386 platform, you can also use the cdrom37.fs as the bootable floppy image that is used to boot an i386 system from CD-ROM. The exact details here are left to the reader to determine with the tools they have at their disposal.
Some of the tools in OpenBSD are:
You can also install by booting bsd.rd from an existing OpenBSD partition, or over the network using the PXE boot process.
To boot from floppy, place the floppy disk with the OpenBSD installation image on it into the floppy drive. Then use the following command to boot from the floppy:
ok boot floppy |
To boot from CD-ROM, place the OpenBSD CD-ROM disk into the drive. If your Sun only has one CD-ROM drive, then just go to the boot prompt, where you can 'boot cdrom':
ok boot cdrom |
Of course, this will only work in new command mode. If you are at the old command mode prompt (a right arrow), type 'n' for the new command mode. (If you are using an old sparc that is pre-sun4c, you probably don't have a new command mode. In this case, you need to experiment.) If you have multiple CD-ROM devices, you need to boot from the correct one. Try probe-scsi from the new command mode.
ok probe-scsi
Target 0
Unit 0 Disk QUANTUM LIGHTNING 365S
Target 1
Unit 0 Removable Disk QUANTUM EMPIRE_1080S
Target 3
Unit 0 Removable Disk Joe's CD-ROM
|
Figure out which disk is the CD-ROM you want to boot from. Note the target number.
ok boot /sbus/esp/sd@X,0 |
At almost any point during the OpenBSD install process, you can terminate the current install attempt by hitting CTRL-C and can restart it without rebooting by running install at the shell prompt.
When your boot is successful, you will see a lot of text messages scroll by. This text, on many architectures in white on blue, is the dmesg, the kernel telling you what devices have been found, and where. Don't worry about remembering this text, as a copy is saved as /var/run/dmesg.boot. On some architectures, SHIFT+PGUP will let you examine text that has scrolled off the screen.
Then, you will see the following:
rootdev=0x1100 rrootdev=0x2f00 rawdev=0x2f02 erase ^?, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C, status ^T (I)nstall, (U)pgrade or (S)hell? i |
And with that, we reach our first question. Most of the time, you have the three options shown:
In this example, we will do an install, but the upgrade process is similar.
Welcome to the OpenBSD/i386 3.7 install program. This program will help you install OpenBSD in a simple and rational way. At any prompt except password prompts you can run a shell command by typing '!foo', or escape to a shell by typing '!'. Default answers are shown in []'s and are selected by pressing RETURN. At any time you can exit this program by pressing Control-C and then RETURN, but quitting during an install can leave your system in an inconsistent state. Specify terminal type: [vt220] Enter Do you wish to select a keyboard encoding table? [no] Enter |
In most cases, the default terminal type is appropriate; however if you are using a serial console for install, don't just take the default, respond appropriately.
If you do not select a keyboard encoding table, a US keyboard layout will be assumed.
IS YOUR DATA BACKED UP? As with anything that modifies disk contents, this program can cause SIGNIFICANT data loss. It is often helpful to have the installation notes handy. For complex disk configurations, relevant disk hardware manuals and a calculator are useful. Proceed with install? [no] y |
If you take the default here, the install process will terminate and drop you to a shell prompt.
Setting up disks in OpenBSD varies a bit between platforms. For i386 and macppc, disk setup is done in two stages. First, the OpenBSD slice of the hard disk is defined using fdisk(8), then that slice is subdivided into OpenBSD partitions using disklabel(8).
Some users may be a little confused by the terminology used here. It will appear we are using the word "partition" in two different ways. This observation is correct. There are two layers of partitioning in several OpenBSD platforms, the first, one could consider the Operating System partitioning, which is how multiple OSs on one computer mark out their own space on the disk, and the second one is how the OpenBSD partition is sub-partitioned into individual filesystems. The first layer is visible as a disk partition to DOS, Windows, and any other OS that can coexist with other Operating Systems on the IBM AT descended machines. The second layer of partitioning is visible only to OpenBSD and those OSs which can directly read an OpenBSD filesystem.
Cool! Let's get to it... You will now initialize the disk(s) that OpenBSD will use. To enable all available security features you should configure the disk(s) to allow the creation of separate filesystems for /, /tmp, /var, /usr, and /home. Available disks are: wd0. Which one is the root disk? (or done) [wd0] Enter |
The root disk is the disk the system will boot from, and normally where swap space resides. IDE disks will show up as wd0, wd1, etc., SCSI disks and RAID devices will show up as sd0, sd1, and so on. All the disks OpenBSD can find are listed here -- if you have drives which are not showing up, you have unsupported or improperly configured hardware.
Do you want to use *all* of wd0 for OpenBSD? [no] Enter |
If you say "yes" to this question, the entire disk will be allocated to OpenBSD. This will result in a standard Master Boot Record and partition table being written out to disk -- one partition, the size of the entire hard disk, set to the OpenBSD partition type, and flagged as the bootable partition. This will be a common choice for most production uses of OpenBSD; however, there are some systems this should not be done on. Many Compaq systems, many laptops, some Dell and other systems use a "maintenance" or "Suspend to Disk" partition, which should be kept intact. If your system has any other partitions of any type you do not wish to erase, do not select "yes" to the above question.
For the sake of this example, we will assume the disk is to be split between OpenBSD and a pre-existing Windows 2000 partition, so we take the default of "no", which will take us into the fdisk(8) program. You can also get more information on fdisk(8) here.
Important Note: Users with a large hard disk (larger than 8G on a newer i386, though on older machines and different platforms, often much smaller) will want to see this section before going any further.
You will now create a single MBR partition to contain your OpenBSD data. This
partition must have an id of 'A6'; must *NOT* overlap other partitions; and
must be marked as the only active partition.
The 'manual' command describes all the fdisk commands in detail.
Disk: wd0 geometry: 2586/240/63 [39100320 Sectors]
Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55
Starting Ending LBA Info:
#: id C H S - C H S [ start: size ]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*0: 0B 0 1 1 - 202 239 63 [ 63: 3069297 ] Win95 FAT-32
1: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
2: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
3: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
Enter 'help' for information
fdisk: 1> help
help Command help list
manual Show entire OpenBSD man page for fdisk
reinit Re-initialize loaded MBR (to defaults)
setpid Set the identifier of a given table entry
disk Edit current drive stats
edit Edit given table entry
flag Flag given table entry as bootable
update Update machine code in loaded MBR
select Select extended partition table entry MBR
swap Swap two partition entries
print Print loaded MBR partition table
write Write loaded MBR to disk
exit Exit edit of current MBR, without saving changes
quit Quit edit of current MBR, saving current changes
abort Abort program without saving current changes
fdisk: 1>
|
A few commands are worthy of elaboration:
Our drive here has a 1.5G partition for Windows 2000 (using the FAT filesystem). Looking at the info from the above display, we can see that the Windows partition occupies through cylinder 202 on the drive. So, we are going to allocate the rest of the disk to OpenBSD, starting at cylinder 203. You could also calculate OpenBSD's starting sector of 3069360 by adding the existing partition's starting sector (63) and its size (3069297).
You can edit the drive layout in either Cylinder/Heads/Sectors form or just raw sectors. Which is easier depends upon what you are doing; in this case, working around an existing partition, using CHS format will probably be easier. If you are creating the first partition on the disk, just using raw sectors may be easier.
fdisk: 1> e 1
Starting Ending LBA Info:
#: id C H S - C H S [ start: size ]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
Partition id ('0' to disable) [0 - FF]: [0] (? for help) a6
Do you wish to edit in CHS mode? [n] y
BIOS Starting cylinder [0 - 2585]: [0] 203
BIOS Starting head [0 - 239]: [0] Enter
BIOS Starting sector [1 - 63]: [0] 1
BIOS Ending cylinder [0 - 2585]: [0] 2585
BIOS Ending head [0 - 239]: [0] 239
BIOS Ending sector [1 - 63]: [0] 63
fdisk:*1> p
Disk: wd0 geometry: 2586/240/63 [39100320 Sectors]
Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55
Starting Ending LBA Info:
#: id C H S - C H S [ start: size ]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*0: 0B 0 1 1 - 202 239 63 [ 63: 3069297 ] Win95 FAT-32
1: A6 203 0 1 - 2585 239 63 [ 3069360: 36030960 ] OpenBSD
2: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
3: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
fdisk:*1> p m
Disk: wd0 geometry: 2586/240/63 [19092 Megabytes]
Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55
Starting Ending LBA Info:
#: id C H S - C H S [ start: size ]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*0: 0B 0 1 1 - 202 239 63 [ 63: 1499M] Win95 FAT-32
1: A6 203 0 1 - 2585 239 63 [ 3069360: 17593M] OpenBSD
2: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0M] unused
3: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0M] unused
fdisk:*1>
|
It is important that the first partition skips the first track of the disk, in this case, starting on sector 63. If an OpenBSD partition is created starting at offset 0, this partition table will end up being overwritten by the OpenBSD partition's Partition Boot Record. The system may still be bootable, but it will be very difficult to maintain, and this configuration is not recommended or supported.
Note that the prompt changed to include an asterisk ('*') to indicate you have unsaved changes. As we can see from the output of p m we have not altered our Windows partition, we have successfully allocated the rest of the drive for OpenBSD, and the partitions do not overlap. We are in business. Almost.
What we haven't done is flagged the partition as active so the machine will boot OpenBSD on the next reboot:
fdisk:*1> f 1
Partition 1 marked active.
fdisk:*1> p
Disk: wd0 geometry: 2586/240/63 [39100320 Sectors]
Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55
Starting Ending LBA Info:
#: id C H S - C H S [ start: size ]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0: 0B 0 1 1 - 202 239 63 [ 63: 3069297 ] Win95 FAT-32
*1: A6 203 0 1 - 2585 239 63 [ 3069360: 36030960 ] OpenBSD
2: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
3: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
fdisk:*1>
|
And now, we are ready to save our changes:
fdisk:*1> w Writing MBR at offset 0. wd0: no disk label fdisk: 1> q |
Here is the partition information you chose:
Disk: wd0 geometry: 2586/240/63 [39100320 Sectors]
Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55
Starting Ending LBA Info:
#: id C H S - C H S [ start: size ]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0: 0B 0 1 1 - 202 239 63 [ 63: 3069297 ] Win95 FAT-32
*1: A6 203 0 1 - 2585 239 63 [ 3069360: 36030960 ] OpenBSD
2: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
3: 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused
You will now create an OpenBSD disklabel inside the OpenBSD MBR
partition. The disklabel defines how OpenBSD splits up the MBR partition
into OpenBSD partitions in which filesystems and swap space are created.
The offsets used in the disklabel are ABSOLUTE, i.e. relative to the
start of the disk, NOT the start of the OpenBSD MBR partition.
disklabel: no disk label
WARNING: Disk wd0 has no label. You will be creating a new one.
# using MBR partition 1: type A6 off 3069360 (0x2ed5b0) size 36030960 (0x225c9f0)
Treating sectors 3069360-39100320 as the OpenBSD portion of the disk.
You can use the 'b' command to change this.
Initial label editor (enter '?' for help at any prompt)
> ?
Available commands:
? [cmnd] - this message or command specific help.
a [part] - add new partition.
b - set OpenBSD disk boundaries.
c [part] - change partition size.
D - set label to default.
d [part] - delete partition.
e - edit drive parameters.
g [b|d|u] - use [b]ios, [d]isk or [u]ser geometry.
M - show entire OpenBSD man page for disklabel.
m [part] - modify existing partition.
n [part] - set the mount point for a partition.
p [unit] - print label.
q - quit and save changes.
r - recalculate free space.
s [path] - save label to file.
u - undo last change.
w - write label to disk.
X - toggle expert mode.
x - exit without saving changes.
z - zero out partition table.
Numeric parameters may use suffixes to indicate units:
'b' for bytes, 'c' for cylinders, 'k' for kilobytes, 'm' for megabytes,
'g' for gigabytes or no suffix for sectors (usually 512 bytes).
'%' for percent of total disk size, '&' for percent of free space.
Non-sector units will be rounded to the nearest cylinder.
Entering '?' at most prompts will give you (simple) context sensitive help.
>
|
Again, a few of these commands could use a little elaboration:
Slicing up your disk properly is important. The answer to the question, "How should I partition my system?" is "Exactly how you need it". This will vary from application to application. There is no universal answer. If you are unsure of how you want to partition your system, see this discussion.
In this system, we have over 17G available for OpenBSD. That's a lot of space, and it isn't likely we will need most of it. So, we will deliberately not use absolute minimum sizes. We would rather have a few hundred megabytes of unused space than a kilobyte too little.
On the root disk, the two partitions 'a' and 'b' must be created. The installation process will not proceed until these two partitions are available. 'a' will be used for the root filesystem (/) and 'b' will be used as swap space.
After a little thought, we decide to create just enough partitions to allow the creation of the recommended separate filesystems (/, /tmp, /var, /usr, /home) along with a swap partition:
> p m
device: /dev/rwd0c
type: ESDI
disk: ESDI/IDE disk
label: ST320011A
bytes/sector: 512
sectors/track: 63
tracks/cylinder: 16
sectors/cylinder: 1008
cylinders: 16383
total sectors: 39102336
free sectors: 36030960
rpm: 3600
16 partitions:
# size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg]
a: 17593.2M 1498.7M unused 0 0
c: 19092.9M 0.0M unused 0 0
i: 1498.7M 0.0M MSDOS
> d a
> a a
offset: [3069360] Enter
size: [36030960] 150M
Rounding to nearest cylinder: 307440
FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter
mount point: [none] /
> a b
offset: [3376800] Enter
size: [35723520] 300M
Rounding to nearest cylinder: 614880
FS type: [swap] Enter
> a d
offset: [3991680] Enter
size: [35108640] 120m
Rounding to nearest cylinder: 245952
FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter
mount point: [none] /tmp
> a e
offset: [4237632] Enter
size: [34862688] 80m
Rounding to nearest cylinder: 164304
FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter
mount point: [none] /var
> a g
offset: [4401936] Enter
size: [34698384] 2g
Rounding to nearest cylinder: 4194288
FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter
mount point: [none] /usr
> a h
offset: [8596224] Enter
size: [30504096] 4g
Rounding to nearest cylinder: 8388576
FS type: [4.2BSD] Enter
mount point: [none] /home
> p m
device: /dev/rwd0c
type: ESDI
disk: ESDI/IDE disk
label: ST320011A
bytes/sector: 512
sectors/track: 63
tracks/cylinder: 16
sectors/cylinder: 1008
cylinders: 16383
total sectors: 39102336
free sectors: 22115520
rpm: 3600
16 partitions:
# size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg]
a: 150.1M 1498.7M 4.2BSD 2048 16384 16 # /
b: 300.2M 1648.8M swap
c: 19092.9M 0.0M unused 0 0
d: 120.1M 1949.1M 4.2BSD 2048 16384 16 # /tmp
e: 80.2M 2069.2M 4.2BSD 2048 16384 16 # /var
g: 2048.0M 2149.4M 4.2BSD 2048 16384 16 # /usr
h: 4096.0M 4197.4M 4.2BSD 2048 16384 16 # /home
i: 1498.7M 0.0M MSDOS
> q
Write new label?: [y] Enter
|
You will note there is a c partition we seem to have ignored. This partition is your entire hard disk; don't attempt to alter it. You will also note the i partition wasn't defined by us; this is the pre-existing Windows 2000 partition. Partitions are not assigned any particular letters -- with the exception of a (root), b (swap) and c (entire disk), the rest of the partitions (through letter p) are available for use as you desire.
If you look closely at the output of the disklabel, you will note that your drive RPM rating is probably wrong. This is historical; the drive speed is not used in any way by the system. Do not worry about it.
The root filesystem will be mounted on wd0a.
wd0b will be used for swap space.
Mount point for wd0d (size=122976k), none or done? [/tmp] Enter
Mount point for wd0e (size=82152k), none or done? [/var] Enter
Mount point for wd0g (size=2097144k), none or done? [/usr] Enter
Mount point for wd0h (size=4194288k), none or done? [/home] Enter
Mount point for wd0d (size=122976k), none or done? [/tmp] done
No more disks to initialize.
OpenBSD filesystems:
wd0a /
wd0d /tmp
wd0e /var
wd0g /usr
wd0h /home
The next step *DESTROYS* all existing data on these partitions!
Are you really sure that you're ready to proceed? [no] y
/dev/rwd0a: 307440 sectors in 305 cylinders of 16 tracks, 63 sectors
150.1MB in 1 cyl groups (306 c/g, 150.61MB/g, 19328 i/g)
/dev/rwd0d: 245952 sectors in 244 cylinders of 16 tracks, 63 sectors
120.1MB in 1 cyl groups (244 c/g, 120.09MB/g, 15360 i/g)
/dev/rwd0e: 164304 sectors in 163 cylinders of 16 tracks, 63 sectors
80.2MB in 1 cyl groups (164 c/g, 80.72MB/g, 10368 i/g)
/dev/rwd0g: 4194288 sectors in 4161 cylinders of 16 tracks, 63 sectors
2048.0MB in 13 cyl groups (328 c/g, 161.44MB/g, 20608 i/g)
/dev/rwd0h: 8388576 sectors in 8322 cylinders of 16 tracks, 63 sectors
4096.0MB in 26 cyl groups (328 c/g, 161.44MB/g, 20608 i/g)
/dev/wd0a on /mnt type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, ctime=Mon May 9 22:47:18 2
005)
/dev/wd0h on /mnt/home type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid, ctime=M
on May 9 22:47:18 2005)
/dev/wd0d on /mnt/tmp type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid, ctime=Mo
n May 9 22:47:18 2005)
/dev/wd0g on /mnt/usr type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, ctime=Mon May 9
22:47:18 2005)
/dev/wd0e on /mnt/var type ffs (rw, asynchronous, local, nodev, nosuid, ctime=Mo
n May 9 22:47:18 2005)
|
You may wonder why the installer again asks for mount points. This allows you to recover from any errors or omissions in the mount points specified during the creation of the disklabel. For instance, the installation process will automatically delete any duplicate mount points you enter during the configuration of the disklabel. The disklabel program will allow you to enter such duplicates, and thus they must be checked for after the disklabel program exits. The deleted duplicate mount points will result in partitions without mount points, that you must assign new mount points for if you wish to use the space.
Notice the "Are you really sure that you are ready to proceed?" question defaults to no, so you will have to deliberately tell it to proceed and format your partitions. If you chose no, you would simply be dropped into a shell and could start the install again by typing install, or just by rebooting again with your boot disk.
At this point all filesystems will be formatted for you. This could take some time depending on the size of the partitions and the speed of the disk.
Now you must set the system hostname. This value, along with the DNS domain name (specified below), will be saved in the file /etc/myname, which is used during normal boot to set the hostname of the system. If you do not set the domain name of the system, the default value of 'my.domain' will be used.
It is important to set this name now, because it will be used when the cryptographic keys for the system are generated during the first boot after installation. This generation takes place whether the network is configured or not.
Enter system hostname (short form, e.g. 'foo'): puffy |
Now it is time to configure your network. The network must be configured if you are planning on doing an FTP or NFS based install, considering it will be based upon the information you are about to enter. Here is a walk through of the network configuration section of the install process.
Configure the network? [yes] Enter
Available interfaces are: fxp0.
Which one do you wish to initialize? (or 'done') [fxp0] Enter
Symbolic (host) name for fxp0? [puffy] Enter
The default media for fxp0 is
media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX full-duplex)
Do you want to change the default media? [no] Enter
IP address for fxp0? (or 'dhcp') 199.185.137.55
Netmask? [255.255.255.0] Enter
Done - no available interfaces found.
DNS domain name? (e.g. 'bar.com') [my.domain] example.com
DNS nameserver? (IP address or 'none') [none] 199.185.137.1
Use the nameserver now? [yes] Enter
Default route? (IP address, 'dhcp' or 'none') 199.185.137.128
add net default: gateway 199.185.137.128
Edit hosts with ed? [no] Enter
Do you want to do any manual network configuration? [no] Enter
|
In the above example, we use a static IP address. As indicated, you can use "dhcp" instead on most platforms (not Alpha), assuming your environment supports it. In the case of DHCP, most of the information will be grabbed from the remote DHCP server; you will be given a chance to confirm it. Here is a sample of the network configuration part of the install, this time done with DHCP:
Configure the network? [yes] Enter
Available interfaces are: fxp0.
Which one do you wish to initialize? (or 'done') [fxp0] Enter
Symbolic (host) name for fxp0? [puffy] Enter
The default media for fxp0 is
media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX full-duplex)
Do you want to change the default media? [no] Enter
IP address for fxp0? (or 'dhcp') dhcp
Issuing hostname-associated DHCP request for fxp0.
Sending on Socket/fallback/fallback-net
DHCPDISCOVER on fxp0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 1
DHCPOFFER from 199.185.137.128
DHCPREQUEST on fxp0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPACK from 199.185.137.128
New Network Number: 199.185.137.0
New Broadcast Address: 199.185.137.255
bound to 199.185.137.55 -- renewal in 43200 seconds.
Done - no available interfaces found.
DNS domain name? (e.g. 'bar.com') [example.org] Enter
DNS nameserver? (IP address or 'none') [199.185.137.1] Enter
Use the nameserver now? [yes] Enter
Default route? (IP address, 'dhcp' or 'none') [199.185.137.128] Enter
Edit hosts with ed? [no] Enter
Do you want to do any manual network configuration? [no] Enter
|
NOTE: Only one interface can easily be configured using DHCP during an install. If you attempt to configure more than one interface using DHCP you will encounter errors. You have to manually configure the additional interfaces after the installation.
Now, we set the password for the root account:
Password for root account? (will not echo) pAssWOrd Password for root account? (again) pAssWOrd |
Use a secure password for the root account. You will create other user accounts after the system is booted. From passwd(1):
The new password should be at least six characters long and not purely
alphabetic. Its total length must be less than _PASSWORD_LEN (currently
128 characters). A mixture of both lower and uppercase letters, numbers,
and meta-characters is encouraged.
After your network is set up, the install script will give you a chance to make manual adjustments to the configuration. Then the filesystems you created will be mounted and a root password set. This will get your local disks ready for the OpenBSD filesets to be installed upon them.
Next, you will get a chance to choose your installation media. The options are listed below.
You will now specify the location and names of the install sets you want to load. You will be able to repeat this step until all of your sets have been successfully loaded. If you are not sure what sets to install, refer to the installation notes for details on the contents of each. Sets can be located on a (m)ounted filesystem; a (c)drom, (d)isk or (t)ape device; or a (f)tp, (n)fs or (h)ttp server. Where are the install sets? c Available CD-ROMs are: cd0. |
In this example we are installing from CD-ROM. This will bring up a list of devices on your computer identified as a CD-ROM. Most people will only have one. If you need to, make sure you pick the device which you will use to install OpenBSD from.
NOTE: All possible sources for install sets are listed, but not all may be available on your system. e.g. "(n)fs" is shown but not all architectures allow NFS installations. If you choose a source that is not available, you will get an error message and be given the chance to choose another source for your installation sets.
Available CD-ROMs are: cd0. Which one contains the install media? (or 'done') [cd0] Enter Pathname to the sets? (or 'done') [3.7/i386] Enter |
Here, you are prompted for which directory the installation files are, which is 3.7/i386/ on the official CD-ROM.
Now it's time to choose which filesets you will be installing. You can get a description of these files in the next section. The files that the install program finds will be shown to you on the screen. Your job is just to specify which files you want. By default all the non-X filesets are selected; however, some people may wish to limit this to the bare minimum required to run OpenBSD, which would be base37.tgz, etc37.tgz and bsd. Others will wish to install all filesets. The example below is that of a full install.
The following sets are available. Enter a filename, 'all' to select
all the sets, or 'done'. You may de-select a set by prepending a '-'
to its name.
[X] bsd
[X] bsd.rd
[ ] bsd.mp
[X] base37.tgz
[X] etc37.tgz
[X] misc37.tgz
[X] comp37.tgz
[X] man37.tgz
[X] game37.tgz
[ ] xbase37.tgz
[ ] xetc37.tgz
[ ] xshare37.tgz
[ ] xfont37.tgz
[ ] xserv37.tgz
File Name? (or 'done') [bsd.mp] all
The following sets are available. Enter a filename, 'all' to select
all the sets, or 'done'. You may de-select a set by prepending a '-'
to its name.
[X] bsd
[X] bsd.rd
[X] bsd.mp
[X] base37.tgz
[X] etc37.tgz
[X] misc37.tgz
[X] comp37.tgz
[X] man37.tgz
[X] game37.tgz
[X] xbase37.tgz
[X] xetc37.tgz
[X] xshare37.tgz
[X] xfont37.tgz
[X] xserv37.tgz
|
You can do all kinds of nifty things here -- "-x*" would remove all X components, if you changed your mind. In this case, we are going to load all the sets. While the system will run with fewer sets, either the starting default or installing all sets is recommended. More details on selecting sets here.
Once you have successfully picked which filesets you want, you will be prompted to make sure you want to extract these filesets and they will then be installed. A progress bar will be shown that will keep you informed on how much time it will take. The times range greatly depending on what system it is you are installing OpenBSD on, the filesets installed, and the speed of the source media. This part may take from a few minutes to several hours.
File Name? (or 'done') [done] Enter Ready to install sets? [yes] Enter Getting bsd ... 100% |**************************************************| 5030 KB 00:08 Getting bsd.rd ... 100% |**************************************************| 4478 KB 00:02 Getting bsd.mp ... 100% |**************************************************| 5072 KB 00:03 Getting base37.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 34337 KB 00:24 Getting etc37.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 1636 KB 00:01 Getting misc37.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 2222 KB 00:01 Getting comp37.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 21606 KB 00:17 Getting man37.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 7199 KB 00:05 Getting game37.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 2539 KB 00:01 Getting xbase37.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 10526 KB 00:08 Getting xetc37.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 96303 00:00 Getting xshare37.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 1981 KB 00:02 Getting xfont37.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 32412 KB 00:23 Getting xserv37.tgz ... 100% |**************************************************| 18322 KB 00:14 Sets can be located on a (m)ounted filesystem; a (c)drom, (d)isk or (t)ape device; or a (f)tp, (n)fs or (h)ttp server. Where are the install sets? (or 'done') [done] Enter |
At this point, you can pull additional files from other sources (including custom file sets) if desired, or hit 'done' if you have installed all the file sets you need.
Start sshd(8) by default? [yes] y |
You will be given the option to run OpenNTPD on boot. OpenNTPD is a low-impact way to keep your computer's clock accurately syncronized, and the default configuration is sufficient for many people's use. However, if your network is not properly configured, it may significantly slow your system's first boot, you can reactivate it later, by altering the startup scripts. However, as we properly configured our network earlier, we'll turn this on.
Start ntpd(8) by default? [no] y |
You will now be asked if you plan to run X on this system. If you answer 'Y', /etc/sysctl.conf will be modified to include the line machdep.allowaperture=1 or machdep.allowaperture=2, depending on your platform. Some platforms will not ask this question at all.
Do you expect to run the X Window System? [yes] y |
Next, you are asked if you are wanting to use a serial console with this computer, rather than a standard keyboard and monitor. If you chose "yes" and answer a couple other simple questions, /etc/boot.conf and /etc/ttys will be edited appropriately for you. Most users will take the default, no here.
Change the default console to com0? [no] Enter |
Your last task is to enter the time zone. Depending on where your machine lives, there are may be several equally valid answers for the question. In the example that follows, we used US/Eastern, but could also have used EST5EDT or US/Michigan and had the same result. Hitting ? at the prompts will guide you through your choices.
Saving configuration files......done.
Generating initial host.random file ......done.
What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [Canada/Mountain] ?
Africa/ Chile/ GB-Eire Israel NZ-CHAT Turkey
America/ Cuba GMT Jamaica Navajo UCT
Antarctica/ EET GMT+0 Japan PRC US/
Arctic/ EST GMT-0 Kwajalein PST8PDT UTC
Asia/ EST5EDT GMT0 Libya Pacific/ Universal
Atlantic/ Egypt Greenwich MET Poland W-SU
Australia/ Eire HST MST Portugal WET
Brazil/ Etc/ Hongkong MST7MDT ROC Zulu
CET Europe/ Iceland Mexico/ ROK posix/
CST6CDT Factory Indian/ Mideast/ Singapore posixrules
Canada/ GB Iran NZ SystemV/ right/
What timezone are you in? ('?' for list) [Canada/Mountain] US
What sub-timezone of 'US' are you in? ('?' for list) ?
Alaska Central Hawaii Mountain Samoa
Aleutian East-Indiana Indiana-Starke Pacific
Arizona Eastern Michigan Pacific-New
Select a sub-timezone of 'US' ('?' for list): Eastern
Setting local timezone to 'US/Eastern'...done.
|
The last steps are for the system to create the /dev directory (which may take a while on some systems, especially if you have a small amount of RAM), and install the boot blocks.
Making all device nodes...done. Installing boot block... boot: /mnt/boot proto: /usr/mdec/biosboot device: /dev/rwd0c /usr/mdec/biosboot: entry point 0 proto bootblock size 512 /mnt/boot is 3 blocks x 16384 bytes fs block shift 2; part offset 3069360; inode block 152, offset 4136 using MBR partition 1: type 166 (0xa6) offset 3069360 (0x2ed5b0) done. CONGRATULATIONS! Your OpenBSD install has been successfully completed! To boot the new system, enter halt at the command prompt. Once the system has halted, reset the machine and boot from the disk. # halt syncing disks... done The operating system has halted. Please press any key to reboot. |
OpenBSD is now installed on your system and ready for its first boot, but before you do...
A trick you can use for some "before first boot" configuration is to run:
# /mnt/usr/sbin/chroot /mnt
at the shell prompt.
This will set your mount points to be what they will be on a normal
reboot of your newly installed system.
You can now do some basic system configuration, such as adding users,
changing mount points, etc.
One of your first things to read after you install your system is afterboot(8).
You may also find the following links useful:
The complete OpenBSD installation is broken up into a number of separate file sets. Not every application requires every file set. Here is an overview of each:
Obviously, the answer to this question varies tremendously based on your use of the system. However, these numbers can be used as a starting point:
Those are minimum suggested filesystem sizes for a full system install. The numbers include enough extra space to permit you to run a typical home system that is connected to the Internet, but not much else.(root) 100MB /usr 250MB (no X) or 400MB (with X) /var 25MB /tmp 50MB swap 32MB
Keep the following facts in mind, however:
There are several reasons for using separate filesystems, instead of shoving everything into one or two filesystems:
Some additional thoughts on partitioning:
Here are several options to multibooting:
boot hd0a:/bsd
to cause the system to boot from hard drive 0, OpenBSD partition 'a',
kernel file /bsd. Note you can also boot from other drives
with a line like: "boot hd2a:/bsd" to boot off the third
hard drive on your system. To boot from OpenBSD, slip your floppy in,
reboot. To boot from the other OS, eject the floppy, reboot.
In this case, the boot(8) program is loaded from the floppy, looks for and reads /etc/boot.conf. The "boot hd0a:/bsd" line instructs boot(8) where to load the kernel from -- in this case, the first HD the BIOS sees. Keep in mind, only a small file (/boot) is loaded from the floppy -- the system loads the entire kernel off the hard disk, so this only adds about five seconds to the boot process.
# dd if=/dev/rsd0a of=openbsd.pbr bs=512 count=1
Now boot NT and put openbsd.pbr in C:. Add a line like this to the end of C:\BOOT.INI:
c:\openbsd.pbr="OpenBSD"
When you reboot, you should be able to select OpenBSD from the NT loader menu. There is much more information available about NTLDR at the NTLDR Hacking Guide.
On Windows XP you can also edit the boot information using the GUI; see the XP Boot.ini HOWTO.
Programs that do much of this for you are available, for example, BootPart. This program can be run from Windows NT/2000/XP, and will fetch the OpenBSD PBR, place it on your NT/2000/XP partition, and will add it to C:\BOOT.INI
The OpenBSD install and upgrade process will re-install the OpenBSD boot loader, which has its location coded in the PBR, so if you re-install or update your OpenBSD installation, you need to repeat the above process to fetch a new copy of the OpenBSD PBR.
Note: The Windows NT/2000/XP boot loader is only capable of booting OSs from the primary hard drive. You can not use it to load OpenBSD from the second drive on a system.
Some other bootloaders OpenBSD users have used successfully include GAG, OS-BS, The Ranish Partition Manager and GRUB.
Please refer to INSTALL.linux, which gives in depth instructions on getting OpenBSD working with Linux.
Just to remind people, it's important for the OpenBSD developers to keep track of what hardware works, and what hardware doesn't work perfectly.
A quote from /usr/src/etc/root/root.mail
If you wish to ensure that OpenBSD runs better on your machines, please do us a favor (after you have your mail system configured!) and type something like: # dmesg | mail -s "Sony VAIO 505R laptop, apm works OK" dmesg@openbsd.org so that we can see what kinds of configurations people are running. As shown, including a bit of information about your machine in the subject or the body can help us even further. We will use this information to improve device driver support in future releases. (Please do this using the supplied GENERIC kernel, not for a custom compiled kernel, unless you're unable to boot the GENERIC kernel). The device driver information we get from this helps us fix existing drivers. Thank you!
Make sure you send email from an account that is able to also receive email so developers can contact you if they have something they want you to test or change in order to get your setup working. It's not important at all to send the email from the same machine that is running OpenBSD, so if that machine is unable to receive email, just
$ dmesg | mail your-account@yourmail.domand then forward that message to
dmesg@openbsd.orgwhere your-account@yourmail.dom is your regular email account. (or transfer the dmesg output using FTP/scp/floppydisk/carrier-pigeon/...)
NOTE - Please send only GENERIC kernel dmesgs. Custom kernels that have device drivers removed are not helpful.
Also note that the dmesgs are received on a computer using the spamd spam rejection system. This may cause your dmesg to not be accepted by the mail servers for a period of time. Be patient, after half an hour to an hour or so, it will get through.
Sometimes, you realize you really DID need comp37.tgz (or any other system component) after all, but you didn't realize this at the time you installed your system. Good news: There are two easy ways to add file sets after the initial install:
# cd / # tar xzvpf comp37.tgz |
Do NOT forget the 'p' option in the above command in order to restore the file permissions properly!
One common mistake is to think you can use pkg_add(1) to add a missing file sets. This does not work. pkg_add(1) is for package files, not generic tar files like the install sets.
Calling it a "RAM Disk kernel" describes the root filesystem of the kernel -- rather than being a physical drive, the utilities available after the boot of bsd.rd are stored in the kernel, and are run from a RAM-based filesystem. bsd.rd also includes a healthy set of utilities to allow you to do system maintenance and installation.
On some platforms, bsd.rd is actually the preferred installation technique -- you place this kernel on an existing filesystem, boot it, and run the install from it. On most platforms, if you have a running older version of OpenBSD, you can FTP a new version of bsd.rd, reboot from it, and install a new version of OpenBSD without using any removable media at all.
Here is an example of booting bsd.rd on an i386 system:
Using Drive: 0 Partition: 3 reading boot..... probing: pc0 com0 com1 apm mem[639k 255M a20=on] disk: fd0 hd0+ >> OpenBSD/i386 BOOT 2.02 boot> boot hd0a:/bsd.rd . . . normal boot to install . . . |
The general rule on booting bsd.rd is to change your boot kernel from /bsd to bsd.rd through whatever means used on your platform.
machine mem +0x3000000@0x1000000
to add 48M (0x3000000) after the first 16M
(0x1000000). Typically, if you had a machine with this
problem, you would enter the above command first at the install
floppy/CD-ROM's boot> prompt, load the system, reboot, and
create an /etc/boot.conf file with the above line in it so all
future bootings will recognize all available RAM.
It has also been reported that a ROM update will fix this on some systems.
# fdisk -u wd0
Note: the "update" option within the interactive ("-e") mode of
fdisk will not write the signature bytes required to make the disk
bootable.
Do you want to see a list of potential FTP servers? [yes] Enter Getting the list from 192.128.5.191 (ftp.openbsd.org)... FAILED Failed to change directory. Server IP address or hostname? |
Simply use the FTP mirror list to find your favorite FTP mirror, and manually enter its name when prompted.
Note: You should not see this if you are installing -release or from CD-ROM.
OpenBSD/i386 (puffy.openbsd.org) (ttyC0)
login: joeuser:passwd
password:
You can use the same "username:passwd" syntax with an
ssh connection and with
su(1)
to access your system.
Now edit /etc/login.conf, and remove the krb4 references.
While this configuration can work, it can be a maintenance problem and should be fixed. To fix this, the disk's file systems must generally be recreated from scratch (though if you REALLY know what you are doing, you may be able to recreate just your disklabel and MBR, and only lose and have to rebuild the first OpenBSD partition on the disk).
This file set allows the user to add to and/or override the files installed in the 'normal' sets and thus customize the installation or upgrade.
Some example uses of a siteXX.tgz file:
Note that the install.site script would have to be in a siteXX.tgz file, while the upgrade.site script could be put in the root directory before the upgrade, or could be put in a siteXX.tgz file.
The scripts can be used to do many things:
The combination of siteXX.tgz and install.site/upgrade.site files is intended to give users broad customization capabilities without having to build their own custom install sets.
If this is an acceptable situation, you may find the dd command will do what you need, allowing you to copy one disk to another, sector-for-sector. This would provide the same functionality as commercial programs without the cost.
mount -t msdos /dev/fd0a /mnt
dmesg >/mnt/dmesg.txt
umount /mnt
If you have another OpenBSD system, you can also write it to an OpenBSD
compatible floppy -- often, the boot floppy has enough room on it to
hold the dmesg. In that case, leave off the "-t msdos" above.
General information on setting up a serial console is provided elsewhere in the FAQ; in order to capture a log of the install, the following commands are usually sufficient.
i386
At the boot loader prompt, enter
boot> set tty com0
This will tell OpenBSD to use the first serial port (often called COM1 or COMA in PC documentation) as a serial console. The default baud rate is 9600.
Sparc/Sparc64
These machines will automatically use a serial console if started without a keyboard present. If you have a keyboard and monitor attached, you can still force the system to use a serial console with the following invocation at the ok prompt.
ok setenv input-device ttya ok setenv output-device ttya ok reset
To circumvent this problem, and allow upgrades to be performed using bsd.rd, an a.out version of bsd.rd was made available as part of the OpenBSD/i386 v3.5 FTP distribution. This file, bsd.rd-a.out, can be booted by OpenBSD 3.3 and below, but is a genuine OpenBSD 3.5 kernel, including the new ELF boot loader, so can be used to bootstrap OpenBSD/i386 3.5 from an older system.
Simply download bsd.rd-a.out and place it in your machine's root directory. Boot it instead of the normal bsd or bsd.rd kernels as shown here (specifying bsd.rd-a.out as your boot kernel, of course).
After installing a minimal 3.5 installation (base35.tgz, etc35.tgz, bsd), download the 3.7 (or -snapshot) bsd.rd file and install from that.
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