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A few steps to recovery
If you have X completely set up and you are using an XF86Config that you know works then the problem most likely lies in the machdep.allowaperture. You also need to make sure that:
option APERTURE
is in your kernel configuration. [It is already in the GENERIC kernel]
Then you need to edit /etc/sysctl.conf and set machdep.allowaperture=2. This will allow X to access the aperture driver. This would already be set if you said that you would be running X when asked during the install. OpenBSD requires for all X servers that the aperture driver be set, because it controls access to the I/O ports on video boards.
For more information about configuring and using X on your platform, see the /usr/X11R6/README file on your installed system.
The ports tree is a set of Makefiles that download, patch, configure and install userland programs so you can run them in OpenBSD environment without having to do all that by hand. You can get the ports tree from any of the OpenBSD FTP servers in /pub/OpenBSD/3.7/ports.tar.gz. The most recent ports are available via the 'ports' cvs tree, or /pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/ports.tar.gz. For most of you however, packages will be a much better option. Packages are created from ports and are already compiled and ready to use. To read more on packages read FAQ 8, Packages.
OpenBSD has three "active" versions at any point in time:
If your system is Release, use the Release version of the ports tree. Don't try to use a -Current version of the Ports tree on a -Release or -Stable system. Not only is it not likely to work, you will irritate people when you ask for help about why "nothing seems to work!" Note that there is a -Stable branch of the Ports tree as well, where critical fixes to -Release ports will be made.
Yes, this really does mean a wonderful new port will not typically work on your "older" system -- even if that system was -current just a few weeks ago.
If you do not have the ports tree installed, you can download it via any of OpenBSD's FTP servers, or of course, from the CD-ROM. The file is ports.tar.gz, and you want to untar this in the /usr directory, which will create /usr/ports, and all the directories under it. For example:
$ ftp ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/ports.tar.gz
$ sudo cp ports.tar.gz /usr
$ cd /usr; sudo tar xzf ports.tar.gz
A snapshot of the ports tree is also created daily and can be downloaded from any of the OpenBSD FTP servers as /pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/ports.tar.gz. If you are installing a snapshot of OpenBSD, you should use a matching snapshot of ports. Again, make sure you keep your ports tree and your OpenBSD system in sync.
Use the ports tree to search for keywords. To do this use make search key="searchkey". Here is an example of a search for 'samba':
$ make search key="samba" [...snip...] Port: amanda-client-2.4.2.2p0 Path: misc/amanda,-client Info: network-capable tape backup (client only) Maint: Tom Schutter <t.schutter@att.net> Index: misc L-deps: B-deps: :devel/gmake gnuplot-*:math/gnuplot gtar-*:archivers/gtar samba-*:net/samba/stable R-deps: Archs: any Port: samba-2.2.12p0 Path: net/samba/stable Info: SMB and CIFS client and server for UNIX Maint: The OpenBSD ports mailing-list <ports@openbsd.org> Index: net L-deps: popt::devel/popt B-deps: :devel/autoconf/2.13 :devel/metaauto R-deps: Archs: any [...snip...]
Ports are set up to be easy to make and install. Here is an example showing how to install the X11 program xfig. You'll notice the dependencies are automatically detected and completed.
First you need to cd to the dir of the program you want. If you are searching for a program, you can either update your locate database, or use the search function talked about above. Once you are in the dir of the program you want, you can just type make install. For example.
$ sudo make install ===> Checking files for xfig-3.2.4 >> xfig.3.2.4.full.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch /usr/ports/distfiles/xfig.3.2.4.full.tar.gz from http://w ww.xfig.org/xfigdist/. 100% |**************************************************| 5042 KB 00:31 >> Checksum OK for xfig.3.2.4.full.tar.gz. (sha1) ===> xfig-3.2.4 depends on: jpeg.62 - jpeg.62 missing... ===> Verifying install for jpeg.62 in graphics/jpeg ===> Checking files for jpeg-6b >> jpegsrc.v6b.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch /usr/ports/distfiles/jpegsrc.v6b.tar.gz from ftp://ftp.uu .net/graphics/jpeg/. 'EPSV': command not understood. 100% |**************************************************| 598 KB 00:06 >> Checksum OK for jpegsrc.v6b.tar.gz. (sha1) ===> Extracting for jpeg-6b ===> Patching for jpeg-6b ===> Configuring for jpeg-6b checking for gcc... cc checking whether the C compiler (cc -O2 ) works... yes checking whether the C compiler (cc -O2 ) is a cross-compiler... no checking whether we are using GNU C... yes [...snip...]
Many of the applications in the ports tree support different install options, called flavors. If a port comes in multiple flavors, you can use these options simply by setting an environment variable before you compile the port. If multiple features are needed, the FLAVOR variable can be set to a space-delimited list of the supported and desired flavors. Currently, many ports have flavors that include database support, support for systems without X, or network additions like SSL and IPv6.
$ pwd /usr/ports/net/mtr $ make show=FLAVORS no_x11 $ env FLAVOR="no_x11" make ===> mtr-0.54-no_x11 depends on: gmake-3.80 - not found ===> Verifying install for gmake-3.80 in devel/gmake ===> Checking files for gmake-3.80 >> make-3.80.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist on this system. >> Attempting to fetch /usr/ports/distfiles/make-3.80.tar.gz from ftp://ftp.gnu. org/gnu/make/. Unknown command. 100% |**************************************************| 1183 KB 00:07 >> Checksum OK for make-3.80.tar.gz. (sha1) [...snip...] $ sudo env FLAVOR="no_x11" make install ===> Faking installation for mtr-0.54-no_x11 [...snip...] ===> Building package for mtr-0.54-no_x11 Creating package /usr/ports/packages/i386/All/mtr-0.54-no_x11.tgz Using SrcDir value of /usr/ports/net/mtr/w-mtr-0.54-no_x11/fake-i386-no_x11/usr/ local Creating gzip'd tar ball in '/usr/ports/packages/i386/All/mtr-0.54-no_x11.tgz' ===> Installing mtr-0.54-no_x11 from /usr/ports/packages/i386/All/mtr-0.54-no_a x11.tgz
You can see a list of both ports and packages by using the pkg_info command.
$ /usr/sbin/pkg_info zsh-4.2.4 The Z shell. screen-4.0.2 A multi-screen window manager. emacs-21.3p1 GNU editing macros. tcsh-6.13.00 An extended C-shell with many useful features. bash-3.0.16p0 The GNU Borne Again Shell. zip-2.3p0 Create/update ZIP files compatible with pkzip. ircII-20040820 An enhanced version of ircII, the Internet Relay Chat client ispell-3.2.06 An interactive spelling checker. tin-1.6.2 TIN newsreader (termcap based) procmail-3.22 A local mail delivery agent. strobe-1.06 Fast scatter/gather TCP port scanner lsof-4.69p0 Lists information about open files. ncftp-3.1.8p0 ftp replacement with advanced user interface nmh-1.0.4p1 The New MH mail handling program bzip2-1.0.2 A block-sorting file compressor
More information about the ports can be found in the ports(7) man page and on the Ports page.
Our ports tree is constantly being expanded, and if you would like to help please see: http://www.openbsd.org/porting.html.
Packages are the precompiled binaries of some of the most used programs. They are ready for use on an OpenBSD system. Again, like the ports, packages are very easy to maintain and update. Packages are constantly being added so be sure to check each release for additional packages.
Here is a list of tools used in managing packages.
If you are a smart user and bought an OpenBSD CD set, then packages can be found on one of the three CDs, depending on your architecture. If you don't have an OpenBSD CD in your possession you can download packages from any of the ftp mirrors. You can get a list of mirrors http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html. Packages are located at /pub/OpenBSD/3.7/packages from there packages are broken down depending on architecture.
A list of available packages and descriptions can be found on the OpenBSD website:
http://www.openbsd.org/3.7_packages/
To install packages, the utility pkg_add(1) is used. pkg_add(1) is an extremely easy utility to use, in the following two examples pkg_add(1) will be used to install a package. The first example will show pkg_add(1) installing a package that resides on a local disk, the second example will show an installation of a package via ftp. In both examples screen-4.0.2 will be installed.
Installing via local disk
$ sudo pkg_add -v screen-4.0.2.tgz parsing screen-4.0.2 installed /etc/screenrc from /usr/local/share/examples/screen/screenrc | 71% screen-4.0.2: complete
In this example the -v flag was used to give a more verbose output. This option is not needed but is helpful for debugging and was used here to give a little more insight into what pkg_add(1) is actually doing. Notice however, that there are some valid messages given out mentioning /etc/screenrc. Messages like this will be given to you whether or not you use the -v flag.
Installing via ftp
$ sudo pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.7/packages/i386/screen-4.0.2.tgz screen-4.0.2: complete
In this example you can see that I installed the i386 package. You should substitute i386 (above) with your architecture. Notice: Not all architectures have the same packages. Some ports don't work on certain architectures. In this example the -v flag wasn't used, so only NEEDED messages are shown.
The utility pkg_info(1) as shown above, is used to view a list of packages that are already installed on your system. This is usually needed to find out the correct name of a package before you remove that package.
To delete a package, simply take the proper name of the package as shown by pkg_info(1) and use pkg_delete(1) to remove the package. In the below example, the screen package is being removed. Notice that on some occasions there are instructions of extra objects that need to be removed that pkg_delete(1) did not remove for you. As with the pkg_add(1) utility, you can use the -v flag to get more verbose output.
$ sudo pkg_delete screen-4.0.2 screen-4.0.2: complete Clean shared items: complete
Building a complex application from source is not trivial. Not only must the application be compiled, but the tools used to build it must be built. Unfortunately, OpenBSD, the tools, and the application are all evolving, and often, getting all the pieces working together is a challenge. Once everything works, a revision in any of the pieces the next day could render it broken. Every six months, as a new release of OpenBSD is made, an effort is made to test the building of every port on every platform, but during the development cycle it is likely that some ports will break.
In addition to having all the pieces work together, there is just the matter of time and resources required to compile some applications from source. A common example is CVSup, a tool commonly used to track the OpenBSD source tree. To install CVSup on a moderately fast system with a good Internet connection may take only about ten seconds -- the time required to download and unpack a single 511kB package file. In contrast, building CVSup on the same machine from source is a huge task, requiring many tools and bootstrapping a compiler, takes almost half an hour on the same machine. Other applications, such as Mozilla or KDE may take hours and huge amounts of disk space and RAM/swap to build. Why go through this much time and effort, when the programs are already compiled and sitting on your CD-ROM or FTP mirror, waiting to be used?
Of course, there are a few good reasons to use ports over packages in some cases:
You need to set the kernel to always assume the floppy is attached, even if not detected during the hardware probe, by setting the 0x20 flag bit on fdc(4). This can be done by using User Kernel Config or config(8) to alter your kernel,
# config -e -f /bsd
OpenBSD 3.7 (GENERIC) #50: Sun Mar 20 00:01:57 MST 2005
deraadt@i386.openbsd.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/GENERIC
Enter 'help' for information
ukc> change fd*
230 fd* at fdc0 drive -1 flags 0x0
change [n] y
drive [-1] ? ENTER
flags [0] ? 0x20
230 fd* changed
230 fd* at fdc0 drive -1 flags 0x20
ukc> q
Saving modified kernel.
#
When booting your OpenBSD system, you have probably noticed the boot prompt.
boot>
For most people, you won't have to do anything here. It will automatically boot if no commands are given. But sometimes problems arise, or special functions are needed. That's where these options will come in handy. To start off, you should read through the boot(8) man page. Here we will go over the most common used commands for the bootloader.
To start off, if no commands are issued, the bootloader will automatically try to boot /bsd. If that fails it will try /obsd, and if that fails, it will try /bsd.old. You can specify a kernel by hand by typing:
orboot> boot hd0a:/bsd
boot> b /bsd
This will boot the kernel named bsd from the 'a' partition of the first BIOS recognized hard disk.
Here is a brief list of options you can use with the OpenBSD kernel.
These are entered in the format of: boot [ image [-acds]]
For further reading you can read boot(8)'s man page.
S/Key is a ``one-time password'' scheme. This allows for one-time passwords for use on un-secured channels. This can come in handy for those who don't have the ability to use ssh or any other encrypted channels. OpenBSD's S/Key implementation can use a variety of algorithms as the one-way hash. The following algorithms are available:
To start off the directory /etc/skey must exist. If this directory is not in existence, have the super-user create it. This can be done simply by doing:
# skeyinit -E
Once that directory is in existence, you can initialize your S/Key. To do this you will have to use skeyinit(1). With skeyinit(1), you will first be prompted for your password to the system. This is the same password that you used to log into the system. Running skeyinit(1) over an insecure channel is completely not recommended, so this should be done over a secure channel (such as ssh) or the console. Once you have authorized yourself with your system password you will be asked for yet another password. This password is the S/Key secret passphrase, and is NOT your system password. Your secret passphrase must be at least 10 characters. We suggest using a memorable phrase containing several words as the secret passphrase. Here is an example user being added.
$ skeyinit Reminder - Only use this method if you are directly connected or have an encrypted channel. If you are using telnet or rlogin, exit with no password and use skeyinit -s. Password: [Adding ericj with md5] Enter new secret passphrase: Again secret passphrase: ID ericj skey is otp-md5 100 oshi45820 Next login password: HAUL BUS JAKE DING HOT HOG
One line of particular importance in here is ID ericj skey is otp-md5 100 oshi45820. This gives a lot of information to the user. Here is a breakdown of the sections and their importance.
But of more immediate importance is your one-time password. Your one-time password consists of 6 small words, combined together this is your one-time password, spaces and all. The one-time password printed by skeyinit cannot be used to login (there is a usage for this first one-time password, see skeyinit(1)). To be able to log in, a one-time password corresponding to the challenge printed by the login process has to be computed using skey(1). The next section will show how to do that.
By now your skey has been initialized. You're ready to login. Here is an example session using S/Key to login. To perform an S/Key login, you append :skey to your login name.
$ ftp localhost Connected to localhost. 220 oshibana.shin.ms FTP server (Version 6.5/OpenBSD) ready. Name (localhost:ericj): ericj:skey 331- otp-md5 96 oshi45820 331 S/Key Password: 230- OpenBSD 3.7 (GENERIC) #50: Sun Mar 20 00:01:57 MST 2005 230- 230- Welcome to OpenBSD: The proactively secure Unix-like operating system. 230- 230- Please use the sendbug(1) utility to report bugs in the system. 230- Before reporting a bug, please try to reproduce it with the latest 230- version of the code. With bug reports, please try to ensure that 230- enough information to reproduce the problem is enclosed, and if a 230- known fix for it exists, include that as well. 230- 230 User ericj logged in. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> quit 221 Goodbye.
Note that I appended ":skey" to my username. This tells ftpd that I want to authenticate using S/Key. Some of you might have noticed that my sequence number has changed to otp-md5 96 oshi45820. This is because by now I have used S/Key to login several times. But how do you get your one-time password? Well, to compute the one-time password, you'll need to know what sequence number you're using and your key. As you're probably thinking, how can you remember which sequence number you're on?
When you are logging in, the login process prints a line containing the needed information, which you can use to generate a one-time password on the spot using another trusted computer accesses by a secure channel, by copy-pasting the line into a command shell:
otp-md5 96 oshi45820
After typing your passphrase, your one-time password will be printed, which you can then copy-paste to the S/Key Password prompt to log in. Not only is otp-md5 a description of the hash used, it is also an alternate name for the skey(1) command.
If you already are logged in and want to generate a one-time password for the next login, use skeyinfo(1), it will tell you what to use for the next login. For example here, I need to generate another one-time password for a login that I might have to make in the future. (remember I'm doing this from a secure channel).
$ skeyinfo 95 oshi45820
An even better way is to use skeyinfo -v, which outputs a command suitable to be run in the shell. For instance:
$ skeyinfo -v otp-md5 95 oshi45820
So, the simplest way to generate the next S/Key password is just:
$ `skeyinfo -v` Reminder - Do not use this program while logged in via telnet or rlogin. Enter secret passphrase: NOOK CHUB HOYT SAC DOLE FUME
Note the backticks in the above example.
I'm sure many of you won't always have a secure connection or a trusted local computer to create these passwords, and creating them over an insecure connection isn't feasible, so how can you create multiple passwords at one time? Well you can supply skey(1) with a number of how many passwords you want created. This can then be printed out and taken with you wherever you go.
$ otp-md5 -n 5 95 oshi45820 Reminder - Do not use this program while logged in via telnet or rlogin. Enter secret passphrase: 91: SHIM SET LEST HANS SMUG BOOT 92: SUE ARTY YAW SEED KURD BAND 93: JOEY SOOT PHI KYLE CURT REEK 94: WIRE BOGY MESS JUDE RUNT ADD 95: NOOK CHUB HOYT SAC DOLE FUME
Notice here though, that the bottom password should be the first used, because we are counting down from 100.
Using S/Key with telnet(1), ssh(1), or rlogin(1) is done in pretty much the same fashion as with ftp--you simply tack ":skey" to the end of your username. Example:
$ telnet localhost Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. OpenBSD/i386 (oshibana) (ttyp2) login: ericj:skey otp-md5 98 oshi45821 S/Key Password: SCAN OLGA BING PUB REEL COCA Last login: Thu Oct 7 12:21:48 on ttyp1 from 156.63.248.77 OpenBSD 3.7 (GENERIC) #50: Sun Mar 20 00:01:57 MST 2005 Welcome to OpenBSD: The proactively secure Unix-like operating system. Please use the sendbug(1) utility to report bugs in the system. Before reporting a bug, please try to reproduce it with the latest version of the code. With bug reports, please try to ensure that enough information to reproduce the problem is enclosed, and if a known fix for it exists, include that as well. You have mail. $
As of OpenBSD 3.6, SMP is supported on the OpenBSD/i386 and OpenBSD/amd64 platforms
A separate SMP kernel, "bsd.mp", is provided with the install file sets, which can be selected at install time. It is suggested that you test booting this kernel before renaming it to "bsd" to make it your default kernel.
It is hoped that other SMP-capable platforms will be supported in the future. On most other platforms, OpenBSD will run on an SMP system, but only utilizing one processor. The exception to this is the SPARC platform -- OpenBSD/sparc will sometimes require that extra MBus modules be removed for the system to boot. Multi-processor SPARC64 systems run as long as the base machine is supported.
You need to use /dev/cuaXX for connections initiated from the OpenBSD system, the /dev/ttyXX devices are intended only for terminal or dial-in usage. While it was possible to use the tty devices in the past, the OpenBSD kernel is no longer compatible with this usage.
From cua(4):
For hardware terminal ports, dial-out is supported through matching device nodes called calling units. For instance, the terminal called /dev/tty03 would have a matching calling unit called /dev/cua03. These two devices are normally differentiated by creating the calling unit device node with a minor number 128 greater than the dial-in device node. Whereas the dial-in device (the tty) normally requires a hardware signal to indicate to the system that it is active, the dial-out device (the cua) does not, and hence can communicate unimpeded with a device such as a modem. This means that a process like getty(8) will wait on a dial-in device until a connection is established. Meanwhile, a dial-out connection can be established on the dial-out device (for the very same hardware terminal port) without disturbing anything else on the system. The getty(8) process does not even notice that anything is happening on the terminal port. If a connecting call comes in after the dial-out connection has finished, the getty(8) process will deal with it properly, without having noticed the intervening dial-out action.
Lynx, a text-based browser, is in the base system, and has SSL support. Other browsers in the ports tree, include (in no particular order):
Graphical (X) Browsers
Console (Text mode) Browsers
You will find all these in the ports collection. All the above mentioned browsers are located in /usr/ports/www/ after the installation of the ports tree. Most are also available as pre-compiled packages, available on the FTP servers and on the CD-ROM. As most of the graphical browsers are very large and require quite some time to download and compile, one should seriously consider the use of packages where available.
Mg is a micro Emacs-style text editor included in OpenBSD. Micro means that it's small (Emacs is very large!) For the basics, read the mg(1) manual page and the tutorial, as included with the source code. For more interesting questions (such as, "I don't have a Meta key!") check out the Emacs FAQ.
Note that since mg is a small Emacs implementation, which is mostly similar to the text editor features of Emacs 17, it does not implement many of Emacs' other functionality. (Including mail and news functionality, as well as modes for Lisp, C++, Lex, Awk, Java, etc...)
There are two likely reasons for ksh(1) to seemingly ignore a user's .profile file.
# chown username ~username/.profile
Under xterm(1), argv[0] for ksh(1) is not prepended with a dash ("-"). Prepending a dash to argv[0] will cause csh(1) and ksh(1) to know they should interpret their login files. (For csh(1) that's .login, with a separate .cshrc that is always run when csh(1) starts up. With ksh(1), this is more noticeable because there is only one startup script, .profile. This file is ignored unless the shell is a login shell.)
To fix this, add the line "XTerm*loginShell: true" to the file .Xdefaults in your home directory. Note, this file does not exist by default, you may have to create it.
$ echo "XTerm*loginShell: true" >> ~/.Xdefaults
You may not have had to do this on other systems, as some installations of X Window System come with this setting as default. OpenBSD has chosen to follow the X.org behavior.
The /etc/motd file is edited upon every boot of the system, replacing everything up to, but not including, the first blank line with the system's kernel version information. When editing this file, make sure that you start after this blank line, to keep /etc/rc from deleting these lines when it edits /etc/motd upon boot.
Although none of the developers think it is particularly relevant, this question comes up frequently enough in the mailing lists that it is answered here. www.openbsd.org and the main OpenBSD ftp site are hosted at a SunSITE at the University of Alberta, Canada. These sites are hosted on a large Sun system, which has access to lots of storage space and Internet bandwidth. The presence of the SunSITE gives the OpenBSD group access to this bandwidth. This is why the main site runs here. Many of the OpenBSD mirror sites run OpenBSD, but since they do not have guaranteed access to this large amount of bandwidth, the group has chosen to run the main site at the University of Alberta SunSITE.
There exists a condition where some machines might not detect some PCI devices properly, or might freeze while detecting multiple NIC's in one machine. This is the fault of PCIBIOS, and involves a simple workaround to make it work properly. Simply enter the boot time configuration and disable PCIBIOS. An example is below:
boot> boot -c
Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1995-2004 OpenBSD. All rights reserved. http://www.OpenBSD.org
OpenBSD 3.7 (GENERIC) #50: Sun Mar 20 00:01:57 MST 2005
deraadt@i386.openbsd.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/RAMDISK_CD
cpu0: Intel Pentium III (Coppermine) ("GenuineIntel" 686-class, 128KB L2 cache)
1 GHz
cpu0: FPU,V86,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,SYS,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,MMX,FXS
R,SIMD
real mem = 267956224 (261676K)
avail mem = 243347456 (237644K)
using 3296 buffers containing 13500416 bytes (13184K) of memory
User Kernel Config
UKC> disable pcibios
UKC> quit
[... snip ...]
|
Once this is done, you can use config(8) to change your kernel so that you don't have to worry about this in the future.
See this document.
No it doesn't. We use a different mechanism to achieve similar results that is called Soft Updates. Please read in FAQ 14 to get more details.
Many new users to OpenBSD experience a two minute login delay when using services such as ssh, ftp, or telnet. This can also be experienced when using a proxy, such as ftp-proxy, or when sending mail out from a workstation through sendmail.
This is almost always due to a reverse-DNS problem. DNS is Domain Name Services, the system the Internet uses to convert a name, such as "www.openbsd.org" into a numeric IP address. Another task of DNS is the ability to take a numeric address and convert it back to a "name", this is "Reverse DNS".
In order to provide better logging, OpenBSD performs a reverse-DNS lookup on any machine that attaches to it in many different ways, including ssh, ftp, telnet, sendmail or ftp-proxy. Unfortunately, in some cases, the machine that is making the connection does not have a proper reverse DNS entry.
This can be quite annoying. Fortunately, it is an easy thing to fix.
Your /etc/hosts file will look something like this:
::1 localhost.in.example.org localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost.in.example.org localhost 192.168.1.1 gw.in.example.org gw 192.168.1.20 scrappy.in.example.org scrappy 192.168.1.35 shadow.in.example.org shadow |
Your resolv.conf file will look something like this:
search in.example.org nameserver 24.2.68.33 nameserver 24.2.68.34 lookup file bind |
A common objection to this is "But, I use DHCP for my internal network! How can I configure my /etc/hosts?" Rather easily, actually. Just enter lines for all the addresses your DHCP server is going to give out, plus any static devices:
::1 localhost.in.example.org localhost
127.0.0.1 localhost.in.example.org localhost
192.168.1.1 gw.in.example.org gw
192.168.1.20 scrappy.in.example.org scrappy
192.168.1.35 shadow.in.example.org shadow
192.168.1.100 d100.in.example.org d100
192.168.1.101 d101.in.example.org d101
192.168.1.102 d102.in.example.org d102
[... snip ...]
192.168.1.198 d198.in.example.org d198
192.168.1.199 d199.in.example.org d199
|
In this case, I am assuming you have the DHCP range set to 192.168.1.100 through 192.168.1.199, plus the three static definitions as listed at the top of the file.
If your gateway must use DHCP for configuration, you may well find you have a problem -- dhclient will overwrite your /etc/resolv.conf every time the lease is renewed, which will remove the "lookup file bind" line. This can be solved by putting the line "lookup file bind" in the file /etc/resolv.conf.tail.
The present web pages have been carefully crafted to work on a wide variety of actual browsers going back to browser versions 4.0 and later. We do not want to make these older pages conform to HTML4 or XHTML until we're sure that they will also work with older browsers; it's just not a priority. We welcome new contributors, but suggest you work on writing code, or on documenting new aspects of the system, not on tweaking the existing web pages to conform to newer standards.
When using rdate(8) to synchronize your clock to a NTP server, you may find your clock is off by twenty-some seconds from your local definition of time.
This is caused by a difference between the UTC (Coordinated Universal Time, based on astronomical observations) time and TAI (International Atomic Time, based on atomic clocks) time. To compensate for variations in the earth's rotation, "leap seconds" are inserted into UTC, but TAI is unadjusted. These leap seconds are the cause of this discrepancy. For a more detailed description, search the web for "leap seconds UTC TAI".
Addressing the problem is fairly simple. In most countries you will get the correct time if you use the "-c" parameter to rdate(8) and use a time zone out of the directory /usr/share/zoneinfo/right/. For example, if you are located in Germany, you could use these commands:
# cd /etc && ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/right/CET localtime
# rdate -ncv ptbtime1.ptb.de
In other countries, the rules may differ.
If this is a problem (for example, if you dual-boot with certain other operating systems) you can change the default behavior using config(8). For example, to configure OpenBSD to use a hardware clock set to US/Eastern (5 hours behind UTC, so 300 minutes):
# config -ef /bsd
OpenBSD 3.7 (GENERIC) #50: Sun Mar 20 00:01:57 MST 2005
deraadt@i386.openbsd.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/GENERIC
Enter 'help' for information
ukc> timezone 300
timezone = 300, dst = 0
ukc> quit
Saving modified kernel.
Normally, the time zone is set during install. If you have need to change the time zone, you can create a new symbolic link to the appropriate time zone file in /usr/share/zoneinfo. For example, to set the machine to use EST5EDT as the new local time zone:
# ln -fs /usr/share/zoneinfo/EST5EDT /etc/localtime
See also:
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